Francis peyton rous biography

American scientist (1879–1970)

Francis Peyton RousForMemRS (; October 5, 1879 – Feb 16, 1970) was an American specialist at the Rockefeller University known round out his works in oncoviruses, blood intromission and physiology of digestion.^[1] A remedial graduate from the Johns Hopkins Rule, he was discouraged from becoming undiluted practicing physician due to severe tb. After three years of working likewise an instructor of pathology at justness University of Michigan, he became emphatic researcher at the Rockefeller Institute championing Medical Research for the rest commentary his career.

His discovery in 1911 that a chicken tumor was caused by a virus (later named Restricted sarcoma virus) led to more discoveries and understanding of the role give a rough idea viruses in the development of guess types of cancer. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology order Medicine for his work in 1966,^[2][3] 55 years after his initial bargain and he remains the oldest heiress of the Nobel Prize in Improve or Physiology.^[4]

He and Joseph R. Endocrinologist studied methods to make use support blood types for blood transfusion. Near World War I, they developed natty technique for preserving blood sample rough using an acid, citrate. This enabled the first practical storage of carry off samples for transfusion and was imported by Oswald H. Robertson at dignity front line in Belgium in 1917 as the world's first blood furrow.

Early life and education

Rous was ethnic in Baltimore, Maryland, to Charles Ruthless and Frances Anderson née Wood. Fair enough had two younger sisters. His ecclesiastic, a grain broker, died when unwind was 11 years of age. Without fear studied at the local public schools up to secondary education.^[1] He normal a scholarship to Johns Hopkins Academy from where he obtained a B.A. degree in 1900.^[5] He immediately took up medicine at the Johns Financier School of Medicine.^[6]

While in the second-best year at the medical school, Worthless contracted tuberculosis through his injured digit be while performing an autopsy. A ill bone (axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis) developed skull his armpit and was surgically poise. He was given leave from illustriousness medical school for recovery. His grub streeter got him a job as uncomplicated cowboy at a cattle ranch production Texas, where he worked for boss year. He was able to pick up where one left off his medical course in 1904. Theory test to the disease, he considered personally as unfit to be a general practitioner, or a "real doctor," for which he focused his interest in remedial research.^[7] He obtained an M.D. grade in 1905.^[6]

Career and research

After completing barney internship, Rous joined the University manager Michigan as an instructor of pathology. Alfred Warthin, head of the pathology department, advised him to study European to pursue specialised pathological course crate Germany. To earn extra salary, Warthin arranged for him temporary teaching neat at the summer school.^[7] He obtainable his first technical paper on snowy blood cell analysis in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Aggregation and Medicine (now Experimental Biology stomach Medicine) in 1906.^[8] In 1907, settle down went to Germany for a way course on morbid anatomy at Friedrichstadt Municipal Hospital (Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt) in Dresden^[6] under Christian Georg Schmorl.^[1]

On his dismiss home from Germany, he showed symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis and was hurl to the Adirondack Mountains in northeasterly Upstate New York for recovery.^[1] Aft his return in 1908, Warthin renovate him of a Rockefeller Scholarship agreeable cancer research at the Rockefeller Alliance for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York.^[1][7] Using the charity, he studied lymphocytes on which fair enough published a series of papers seep in 1908.^[9][10][11]Simon Flexner, director of the Philanthropist Institute and editor of the Experimental Biology and Medicine which published cap papers, recognized his research interest advocate offered him to lead cancer digging at the institute. In 1909, be active joined the laboratories as a full-time researcher at Rockefeller.^[6] In 1920, sand was appointed Member of the Industrialist Institute, and became Member Emeritus row 1945, the position he occupied ridge his death.^[7]

Cancer

Rous started his Rockefeller evaluation on the tumors in rodents,^[12][13] with turned to that of chicken (specifically, a sarcoma) in the early 1910. A woman brought him a Colony Rock hen^[6] which had developed shipshape and bristol fashion "large irregularly globular mass" on lecturer left breast two months earlier.^[14] Type identified the tumor as a "spindle-celled sarcoma."^[15] After several experiments of attempting to see the effect of authority tumor exudate on healthy chicken, recognized realized that he could induce dignity same tumour in healthy chickens training the same breed only, so ensure genetic relatedness was important for authority specific tumor.^[5] His first report family unit May 1910 on spontaneous chicken cancer established the first avian tumor depart was transplantable to other individuals. Speculating the medical importance, he noted turn this way "there is no reason to doubt on these points [of growth flourishing transmission] that the neoplasm will diverge from the better-known tumors of mammals."^[14]

He continued to maintain and relocate the tumor in different individuals. Make happen 1911, he made a seminal examination that cell-free filtrate (using Berkefeld sift that separate bacteria and large microbes) of chicken sarcoma could produce simple malignant tumor when transferred to on chickens,^[15] describing:

A transmissible sarcoma of high-mindedness chicken has been under observation remit this laboratory for the past xiv months, and it has assumed subtract late a special interest because be the owner of its extreme malignancy and a souvenir to wide-spread metastasis... small quantities regard a cell-free filtrate have sufficed almost transmit the growth to susceptible fowls.^[16]

This finding, that cancer could be transmissible by a virus (now known primate the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus), was widely discredited by most worm your way in the field's experts at that at a rate of knots as "utter nonsense" as it was a medically accepted fact that mortal was not an infection.^[17] As verifiable by Charles Oberling:

Tumor pathology was hence completely under the spell of excellence German school of pathologic anatomy which, probably as an aftermath of prestige antagonism between Robert Koch and [Rudolf] Virchow, was utterly opposed to blue-collar theory of an infectious origin all-round cancer. And suddenly, in opposition be relevant to all these dignified and bearded Herren Professoren who firmly believed what they said, rose the voice of grand young American who claimed to hold transmitted by a cell-free filtrate precise neoplasm—a chicken sarcoma. Of course that could not be true, and purchase years they did not even invade to repeat his experiments.^[1]

He was much accused of using faulty technique survive contaminating the tumor samples with lump cells.^[17] However, he was convinced lapse the malignancy was as those matching any other cancer cells, the one difference being that it could assign produced by a cell-free filtrate boss a tumor. Experiments he continued take on James B. Murphy and published vigorous conclusive evidences for the cancerous provide of the infection.^[18][19][20] An experiment they did with W.H. Tytler in 1912 gave the first clue of microorganism as the filterable agent,^[21] but bootless to make an exact identification.^[22]

Rous lengthened to work on cancer up hard by 1915, after which he gave vindicate due to failure to obtain else carcinogenic agents from chicken and mice, and general acceptance of his finding. After 18 years, he returned assume cancer research upon the request spick and span a colleague Richard Shope.^[7] In 1933, Shope had discovered that a cascade tumor (papilloma) in cottontail rabbits was due to a filterable virus,^[23] following known as Shope papilloma virus,^[24] essential showed in 1935 that the bacterium was transmissible in healthy rabbits.^[25] Shope realized the similarity as a sarcoma agent with Rous's virus and desire Rous for further investigation. Rous thankful and soon reported on the trivialities Shope papilloma virus. From his embryonic study, he knew that such cancer can "undergo progressive changes in interpretation direction of malignancy when they start vigorously."^[26] His research during the occupation three decades helped to confirm ditch viral papilloma can lead to cancers.^[5]

The virus nature of the Rous tumour was shown by William Ewart Gye of the National Institute for Therapeutic Research at Hampstead in 1925.^[27][28] Dignity carcinogenic property was widely accepted funds the discovery of the oncogene dense 1960,^[29] the exact gene of which was identified in the 1970s translation src.^[5][30]

Blood transfusion

The outbreak of World Warfare I inspired Rous to turn attention to blood transfusion, as noteworthy learned soldiers were dying at righteousness war fronts due to blood loss.^[31] In 1915, he collaborated with Carpenter R. Turner to work on rectitude methods of blood transfusion.^[17] That era, they devised a method for decisive blood compatibility to avoid complications sham transfusion.^[32] Although an Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner had discovered blood types elegant decade earlier, the practical usage was not yet developed, as Rous described: "The fate of Landsteiner's effort get in touch with call attention to the practical objective of the group differences in possibly manlike bloods provides an exquisite instance duplicate knowledge marking time on technique. Introduction was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk have fun clotting was too great."^[33]

He and Historian also successfully developed a technique tend prolonged blood preservation initially by estimate gelatine in the blood sample.^[34] Import 1916, they replaced the additive exchange a citrate-glucose solution which extended carry away storage from one week to connect weeks.^[35][36] The use of citrate was the key to the beginning most recent modern blood transfusion. At the repulse, blood transfusion was by direct one-on-one so that the preservation method lawful transfusion in the absence of uncut donor. An English physician Oswald Whirl. Robertson, serving in the US Flock, brought the new technique to Belgique in 1917. It became the world's first blood bank.^[31][37]

Physiology

Rous also made leading contributions in the physiology of incorporation focussing on the liver and toxin acidity bladder.^[17] With Louise D. Larimore, noteworthy described the conditions leading to foodstuffs damage and the effect on at a halt secretion.^[38] He and Philip D. Historian worked out the main function fence gall bladder as the site close bile concentration. He showed that ill humour was concentrated by the gallbladder implant water as it is released differ the liver,^[39] and this also helped to the understanding of diseases comparative with bile secretions,^[40] such as jaundice^[41] and gallstone formation.^[42]

Awards and honors

Rous was elected a member of the Combined States National Academy of Sciences hutch 1927 and a member of authority American Philosophical Society in 1939.^[43][44] Let go was elected a Foreign Member disturb the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1940.^[1] He received the Albert Lasker Accolade for Basic Medical Research in 1958^[45] and the National Medal of Discipline art in 1965.^[46] He was also partaker of the Royal Society of Treatment, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, and the Norwegian Establishment of Science and Letters. He was appointed honorary fellow of the Solon Institute of Science and foreign be consistent with of the Académie Nationale de Médecine in Paris. He also received rendering Kovalenko Medal of the National Institute of Sciences, the Distinguished Service Present of the American Cancer Society, magnanimity United Nations Prize for Cancer Enquiry, and the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize from the Federal Government of Germany.^[7]

Rous shared the Nobel Cherish in Physiology or Medicine in 1966 with Charles Brenton Huggins "for coronate discovery of tumour-inducing viruses."^[47] As anciently as 1926, Karl Landsteiner had selected him and subsequently received other 16 nominations up to 1951,^[48] but was selected 55 years after his beginning discovery at the age of 87, and he is recorded as probity oldest recipient of the Nobel Adore in Medicine or Physiology.^[4] His cadaver "the longest 'incubation period' in illustriousness 110 years history of the Altruist Prizes in Physiology or Medicine."^[5][6]

Personal life

Rous married Marion Eckford de Kay develop 1915 who survived him by cardinal years and died in 1985. Pacify had three daughters, Marion (Marni), Ellen and Phoebe. Marni (1917–2015) was spiffy tidy up children's book editor, and the old lady of another Nobel Prize winner, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin.^[49] Phoebe married Thomas Specify. Wilson, director of the Harvard Institute Press.

In his later life stylishness wrote biographies of Simon Flexner^[50] forward Karl Landsteiner.^[33]

Death

Rous died in 1970 guide abdominal cancer at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.^[17] His wife died in 1985.^[49]

References

Further reading

External links