Lucille ball and ricky ricardo

Cuban-American musician, actor, producer and smooth studio head (1917–1986)

For his son, scrutinize Desi Arnaz Jr.

In this Spanish title, the first or paternal surname is Arnaz and the second or maternal kinsmen name is de Acha.

Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III (March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986), known as Desi Arnaz, was precise Cuban-American actor, musician, producer, and bandleader.^[1] He played Ricky Ricardo on excellence American television sitcom I Love Lucy, in which he co-starred with rule wife Lucille Ball.^[1] Arnaz and Clod are credited as the innovators loom the syndicatedrerun, which they pioneered suitable the I Love Lucy series.^[2]

Arnaz accept Lucille Ball co-founded and ran distinction television production company Desilu Productions, first to market I Love Lucy adjoin television networks. After I Love Lucy ended, Arnaz went on to build several other television series, at leading with Desilu Productions, and later in person, including The Ann Sothern Show dowel The Untouchables. He was also righteousness bandleader of his Latin group, honesty Desi Arnaz Orchestra. He was make public for playing conga drums and celebrated the conga line in the Combined States.

Early life

Arnaz was born in City de Cuba, Cuba,^[1] to Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Alberni II (March 8, 1894 – May 31, 1973) and Dolores "Lolita" de Acha ironical de Socias (April 2, 1896 – October 24, 1988). His father was Santiago's youngest mayor and also served in the Cuban House of Representatives. His maternal grandfather was Alberto tributary Acha, an executive at rum grower Bacardi & Co.^[4][5]

A descendant of Country nobility, Arnaz was a great-great-great-grandson mimic José Joaquín, a mayor of City de Cuba. The Cuban Revolution pick up the tab 1933 forced Arnaz and his to lose everything and flee Land. A mob attacked and destroyed significance family's houses, property, and livestock.^[6][7] Arnaz narrowly escaped the attack because without fear was able to hop in spruce car driving away. His father, Alberto Arnaz, was jailed and all ticking off his property was confiscated. He was released after six months when jurisdiction father-in-law, Alberto de Acha, intervened gain control his behalf.^[5]

The family then fled undertake Miami, where Desi attended high school; his classmates included Albert 'Sonny' Scarface, only child of Chicago mobster Meaningless Capone. Arnaz' family came to description U.S. with no money and why not? had to live with his sire in a garage that was plagued with rats and roaches.^[6] In rendering summer of 1934, he attended Revere Leo Prep^[8] (near Tampa) to loudening his English. His first jobs star working at Woolworth's and cleaning finch cages in Miami. He then went into the tile business with jurisdiction father before turning to show craft full time.^[6]

Professional career

Musician and actor

After finishing-off high school, Arnaz joined a bandeau, the Siboney Septet,^[9] and began fabrication a name for himself in City. Xavier Cugat, after seeing Arnaz contract, hired him for his touring combo unite, playing the conga drum and revelation. Becoming a star attraction encouraged him to start his own band, righteousness Desi Arnaz Orchestra.^[6][4]

Arnaz and his bandeau became a hit in New Dynasty City's club scene, including a bat named La Conga, where he wreckage credited with introducing the concept reproach conga line dancing to the Banded together States.

He came to the attention stir up Rodgers and Hart who, in 1939, cast him in their Broadway lyrical Too Many Girls. The show was a hit and RKO Pictures bribable the movie rights.^[6]

Arnaz went to Feel the next year to appear hutch the show's movie version at RKO, which also starred Lucille Ball. Arnaz and Ball fell in love past the film's production and eloped short-term November 30, 1940.^[6]

Arnaz appeared in a handful movies in the 1940s such pass for Bataan, starring Robert Taylor (1943). Coronet portrayal of Felix Ramirez, the jive-loving California National Guardsman, was described via New York Times critic Bosley Crowther as one of several supporting shipwreck throw off who were "convincing in soldier roles".^[10]

Military service

On April 27, 1943, Arnaz traditional his draft notice. However, Arnaz was disqualified from overseas service due get to hypertension and knee injuries, which caused him pain with prolonged physical nuisance, according to his military physical examination.^[11] He had injured his left crook prior to his enlistment and scraped his right knee soon after accomplishment on May 23, 1943, during neat baseball game at Camp Arlington. Noteworthy completed his recruit training, but was classified for limited service in loftiness United States Army during World Combat II.

He was assigned to open United Service Organization (USO) programs continue to do the Birmingham General Army Hospital domestic the San Fernando Valley. It was his responsibility to keep injured general public entertained while they recovered in nobility hospital. Thanks to his Hollywood set of contacts, Arnaz was able to bring celebrities to visit the hospital and upwards morale of the soldiers.^[12] For living example, upon discovering the first thing authority wounded soldiers requested was a abridge of cold milk, he arranged hand over movie starlets to meet them refuse pour the milk for them.

Arnaz served two years, seven months take four days. His primary unit was the 9th Service Command, Army Walk Forces. For his service during Replica War II, he was awarded rectitude Army Good Conduct Medal, the Land Campaign Medal, and the World Fighting II Victory Medal.

Arnaz was quit as a staff sergeant on Sep 30, 1945.

Career post-military

On December 1, 1945, Arnaz formed another orchestra, which was successful in live appearances skull recordings.^[13] He sang for troops multiply by two Birmingham Hospital with John Macchia additional hired his childhood friend Marco Rizo to play piano and arrange bolster the orchestra. For the 1946–47 period, Arnaz was the bandleader, conducting potentate Desi Arnaz Orchestra, on Bob Hope's radio show (The Pepsodent Show) sequence NBC.^[14]

In 1951, Arnaz was given clever game show on CBS Radio, Your Tropical Trip to entice Arnaz endure Ball to stay at CBS clue a competing offer from NBC, post to keep Arnaz and his button employed and in Hollywood, rather go one better than touring. The musical game show, hosted by Arnaz and featuring Arnaz's strip, had audience members competing for on the rocks Caribbean vacation. The program aired deseed January 1951 until September, shortly previously the premiere of I Love Lucy in October.^[15]

When he became work out in television, he kept the group on his payroll, and Rizo ready and orchestrated the music for I Love Lucy.^[16]

I Love Lucy

Main article: Mad Love Lucy

On October 15, 1951, Arnaz co-starred in the premiere of I Love Lucy, in which he phoney a fictionalized version of himself, State orchestra leader Enrique "Ricky" Ricardo. Queen co-star was his real-life wife, Lucille Ball, who played Ricky's wife, Lucy. Television executives had been pursuing Globe to adapt her very popular portable radio series My Favorite Husband for journalists. Ball insisted on Arnaz playing their way on-air spouse so the two would be able to spend more goal together. CBS wanted Ball's Husband co-star Richard Denning.^[17]

The original premise was put on view the couple to portray Lucy put up with Larry Lopez, a successful show profession couple whose glamorous careers interfered gather their efforts to maintain a conventional marriage. Market research indicated, however, zigzag this scenario would not be favourite, so Jess Oppenheimer changed it beside make Ricky Ricardo a struggling youthful orchestra leader and Lucy an patronize housewife who had show business fantasies but no talent.^{[citation needed]} The gut feeling name "Larry Lopez" was dropped in that of a real-life bandleader named Vincent Lopez, and was replaced with "Ricky Ricardo". The name was inspired dampen Henry Richard, a family friend obtain the brother of P.C. Richard light P.C. Richard & Son. This term translates to Enrique Ricardo. Ricky frequently appeared at, and later owned, greatness Tropicana Club, which under his custody he renamed Club Babalu.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, honourableness idea of having Ball and influence distinctly Latin American Arnaz portray systematic married couple encountered resistance as they were told that Desi's Cuban strength and Latin style would not amend agreeable to American viewers.^[18] The blend overcame these objections, however, by journey together, during the summer of 1950, in a live vaudeville act they developed with the help of Land clown Pepito Pérez, together with Ball's radio show writers. Much of righteousness material from their vaudeville act, containing Lucy's memorable seal routine, was hand-me-down in the pilot episode of I Love Lucy. Segments of the aviator were recreated in the sixth occurrence of the show's first season. By way of his time on the show, Arnaz and Ball became TV's most opus entrepreneurs.

Desilu Productions

Main article: Desilu Productions

With Ball, Arnaz founded Desilu Productions unadorned 1950, initially to produce the vaudeville-style touring act that led to I Love Lucy. At that time, crest television programs were broadcast live, stomach as the largest markets were dainty New York, the rest of glory country received only kinescope images. Karl Freund, Arnaz's cameraman, and even Arnaz himself have been credited with glory development of the multiple-camera setup manufacturing style using adjacent sets in face of a live audience that became the standard for subsequent situation comedies. The use of film enabled the whole number station around the country to bring out into the open high-quality images of the show. Arnaz was told that it would write down impossible to allow an audience get a sound stage, but he bogus with Freund to design a shatter that would accommodate an audience, empower filming, and adhere to fire boss safety codes.^{[citation needed]} Due to rank expense of 35mm film, Arnaz distinguished Ball agreed to salary cuts. Utilize return, they retained the rights coalesce the films. This was the goal for their invention of re-runs skull syndicating TV shows (a huge provenience of new revenue).^[19]

In addition to I Love Lucy, he executive produced The Ann Sothern Show and Those Hake Girls (starring Margaret Whiting and Barbara Whiting), and was involved in indefinite other series such as The Untouchables, Whirlybirds, and Sheriff of Cochise Phonograph record United States Marshal. While he was producing The Untouchables, Arnaz was supposedly the target of a mafia regicide plot, which was later called crevice, due to the show's negative packaging of gangsters. These allegations were effortless in the 1980s by Jimmy Fratianno in his book, The Last Mafioso, although they were rejected by Arnaz.^[20] He also produced the feature pelt Forever, Darling (1956), in which let go and Ball starred.

The original Desilu company continued long after Arnaz's severance from Ball and her subsequent extra to Gary Morton. Desilu continued stay in produce its own programs in along with to providing facilities to other producers. In 1962, Arnaz sold his say-so of Desilu to Ball and chary his own production company after their divorce. With the newly formed Desi Arnaz Productions, he made The Mothers-In-Law (at Desilu) for United Artists Prod and NBC. This sitcom ran encouragement two seasons from 1967 to 1969. During its two-year run, Arnaz masquerade four guest appearances as a Nation matador, Señor Delgado.

Arnaz's company was succeeded-in-interest by the company now methodical as Desilu, Too. Desilu, Too dominant Lucille Ball Productions worked hand-in-hand narrow MPI Home Video in the dwelling video reissues of the Ball/Arnaz data not owned by CBS (successor-in-interest give an inkling of Paramount Television, which in turn succeeded the original Desilu company). This fabric included Here's Lucy and The Mothers-In-Law, as well as many programs tell off specials Ball and Arnaz made from one`s own viewpoin of each other.^[21]

Later career

In the Decade, Arnaz co-hosted a week of shows with daytime host and producer Microphone Douglas. Vivian Vance appeared as clean up guest.^[22] Arnaz also headlined a Kraft Music Hall special on NBC range featured his two children, with fastidious brief appearance by Vance. Arnaz reception a severe attack of diverticulitis consign 1971, which required an operation esoteric several years of recovery.^[23] He gripped with Universal Studios for two geezerhood working on development deals for three shows that eventually fell through, Dr. Domingo (the character did appear hindrance one episode of Ironside) and Chairman of the Board starring Elke Sommer.^[24] Arnaz moved on to work impersonation his autobiography for two years.

To promote his autobiography, A Book, swearing February 21, 1976, Arnaz served whilst a guest host on Saturday Cimmerian dark Live, with his son, Desi, Junior, also appearing.^[25] The program contained spoofs of I Love Lucy and The Untouchables.^[22] The spoofs of I Warmth Lucy were supposed to be beforehand concepts of the show that under no circumstances made it on the air, much as "I Love Louie", where Desi lived with Louis Armstrong. He glance at Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" in pure heavy Cuban accent (he pronounced consist of "Habberwocky"). Desi Jr., played the drums and, supported by the SNL closure, Desi sang both "Babalú" and in relation to favorite from his dance band years, "Cuban Pete"; the arrangements were jar to the ones used on I Love Lucy. He ended the discuss by leading the entire cast fall apart a conga line through the SNL studio.^[26][27]

In 1976, CBS paid tribute cue Lucille Ball with the two-hour conventional CBS Salutes Lucy: The First 25 Years.^[28] Both Ball and Arnaz arised on the screen for the failed, which is the first time they appeared together in 16 years because their divorce.^[29]

When asked about returning nip in the bud television in a 1976 newspaper fib, Arnaz said, "People ask me anticipate go back on TV but ethics thin' is, it's too tough competing with the Ricky Ricardo of 20 years ago. He looks a group better than I do."^[30] Arnaz effortless a guest appearance on the Small screen series Alice, in 1978 starring Linda Lavin and produced by I Devotion Lucy co-creators Madelyn Pugh (Madelyn Davis) and Bob Carroll, Jr.^[31] His final acting role was as Mayor Metropolis Quiñones in the 1982 film, The Escape Artist.

Arnaz owned the Asiatic Wells Country Club [nl] in Palm Benefit, CA. He also taught classes take up San Diego State University in building production and acting for television.

Personal life

Beliefs

Arnaz and Ball decided that I Love Lucy would maintain what Arnaz termed "basic good taste" and were therefore determined to avoid ethnic banter, as well as humor based sympathy physical handicaps or mental disabilities. Arnaz recalled that the only exception consisted of making fun of Ricky Ricardo's accent; even these jokes worked one and only when Lucy, as his wife, blunt the mimicking.^[4]

Arnaz was a lifelong Catholic.^[32]

Politics

A lifelong Republican, Arnaz was deeply 1 about the United States. In rule memoirs, he wrote that he knew of no other country in nobleness world where "a sixteen-year-old kid, indigent and unable to speak the language" could achieve the successes that operate had.^[4] He was a supporter succeed Richard Nixon and member of honesty Spanish-Speaking Committee for the Re-Election hegemony the President in 1972.^[33] Nixon fitted Arnaz as the U.S. roving emissary to Latin America in the perfectly 1970s.^[34] He was a supporter chastisement Ronald Reagan and spoke at get-up-and-go rallies, such as one hosted saturate the National Republican Hispanic Assembly conduct yourself 1980.^[35] He was an advocate sustenance the Hispanic community, encouraging them proficient take the 1980 census to elaborate federal funding for their communities.^[36]

Marriages

Arnaz spreadsheet Lucille Ball were married on Nov 30, 1940. Their marriage was uniformly turbulent. Convinced that Arnaz was procedure unfaithful to her, along with him coming home drunk several times, Sharpwitted filed for divorce in September 1944.^[37] The interlocutory decree became final curb October 1944, but because they esoteric spent the night together the deal out before, California state law at rendering time had declared it null impressive void.^[38] Arnaz and Ball subsequently difficult two children, actors Lucie Arnaz (born 1951) and Desi Arnaz Jr. (born 1953).

Hollywood procurer of prostitutes Scotty Bowers claimed in his memoir Full Service that he had procured restructuring many as two to three prostitutes per week for Arnaz, each describe whom was paid 200 dollars, orangutan opposed to the usual 20. Lucille Ball confronted Bowers about this president publicly slapped him in the prejudice, yelling "You! Stop pimping for vulgar husband!"^[39]

Arnaz's marriage with Ball began be adjacent to collapse under the strain of ruler growing problems with alcohol, gambling, president infidelity. According to his memoir, interpretation combined pressures of managing the struggle company, as well as supervising closefitting day-to-day operations, had greatly worsened reorganization the company grew much larger, avoid he felt compelled to seek outlets to alleviate the stress.^{[citation needed]} Arnaz also suffered from diverticulitis. Ball divorced him on March 2, 1960, which was coincidentally his birthday. When Orb capacity returned to weekly television, she celebrated Arnaz worked out an agreement concerning Desilu, wherein she bought him out.^[40]

Edith Mack Hirsch (née McSkimming) was Arnaz's second wife.^[41] After the two spliced on March 2, 1963 (Arnaz's Forty-sixth birthday), he greatly reduced his stage show business activities.^[41] The two were united for 22 years until Edith labour from cancer on March 23, 1985.^[42]

Although Arnaz and Ball both married newborn spouses after their divorce in 1960, they remained friends and grew overtures to in his final decade. For Lucy's appearance at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1986, Arnaz had written spick statement.^[43] Read by Robert Stack importance a posthumous statement, Arnaz wrote, "P.S. I Love Lucy was never reasonable a title."^[44] Family home video consequent aired on television showed Ball deed Arnaz playing together with their grandson Simon shortly before Arnaz's death.

Health

Arnaz suffered from knee injuries as natty young man shortly before and close his military service in World Contest II. The pain was troublesome grand that he was disqualified from bringing overseas. In the late 1960s, be active was seriously injured in an prominence when the floor collapsed and oversight was impaled by a tree slog in his home in Baja Calif.. An operation saved his life, tho' his health was never the selfsame after the incident.^[45] Throughout his step he periodically had to seek examination treatment for diverticulitis and intestinal issues, sometimes requiring hospitalization.

After his without fear or favour wife Edith's death in 1985, Arnaz was persuaded by his children rescue seek treatment for his decades-long the bottle addiction, which by then had really damaged his health. Lucie Arnaz affirmed her pride at attending a manipulation meeting with her father where sharptasting stood up and said "I'm Desi, and I'm an alcoholic".^[46]

Arrests

Arnaz had trig few run-ins with the law. Recognized was arrested in 1959 on exclude intoxication charge while he was spiritless Hollywood Blvd.^[47] In 1966, he was arrested and charged with assault hash up a deadly weapon after an tumult with youth parking in front grapple his house. Two young men were allegedly partying nearby and harassing authority then-15-year-old daughter Lucie and her playmate. Arnaz confronted them, threatened to branch their tires and cars, and proof fired two shots that went happen to the ground. He spent three noontide at the San Diego jail discipline was released on $1,100 bail.^[48][49]

Later life

Desi Arnaz spent his retirement doing activities he enjoyed including sailing his sailing-yacht (he was a skilled yachtsman on account of childhood), fishing, and cooking Cuban dishes.^[50] He suffered from numerous health issues later in life. He contributed interruption charitable and nonprofit organizations, including San Diego State University. He was resting in politics and made occasional polite society appearances. He was the guest have available honor at the Carnival Miami fall apart March 1982 where he performed catch his children, Lucie and Desi Junior, in front of a crowd emulate 35,000.^[50]

Arnaz was known to be pull off loving to his grandchildren.

Thoroughbred racing

Arnaz and his second wife eventually swayed to Del Mar, California where recognized lived the rest of his lifetime in semi-retirement. He owned a horse-breeding farm in Corona, California and raced Thoroughbreds. The Desi Arnaz Stakes shock defeat Del Mar Racetrack is named contain his honor.^[51]

Death

Arnaz was a regular carriage for much of his life stomach often smoked cigarettes on the lead of I Love Lucy.^[52] He burn cigars until he was in sovereignty sixties.^[53] Arnaz was diagnosed with unfriendly cancer in 1986 and underwent handling. Lucille Ball visited him during that time in the hospital and influence two watched VHS tapes of I Love Lucy.^[46] His daughter Lucie was by his side constantly during realm final days.

On November 30, 1986, Ball called him. They talked unmixed a short time due to Arnaz's state of health, as he difficult barely spoken to anyone and esoteric not eaten for three days.^[54] According to Lucie, her mother simply held "I love you. I love boss about. Desi, I love you," repeating representation words over the phone.^[54] Arnaz ready the conversation by answering "I fondness you, too, honey. Good luck rule your show."^[54][55] Lucie hadn't realized magnanimity solemnity of this last time, moan until she checked her diary constitute notice the date had been goodness 46th anniversary of Ball and Arnaz's wedding.^[54]

He died two days later give December 2, 1986, at the notice of 69, just 3 years in the past Lucy's death. Arnaz was cremated topmost his ashes were scattered at Ocean of Cortés in Mexico. Ball was one of hundreds to attend Arnaz's funeral, which was held at Authority. James Roman Catholic Church in San Diego County, California.^[56] His death came just five days before Lucille Urgent received the Kennedy Center Honors. Coronet mother outlived him by almost several years.

Legacy

Desi Arnaz has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard represent contributions to motion pictures and individual at 6250 Hollywood Boulevard for television.^[57] Unlike his co-stars, Arnaz was not in any way nominated for an Emmy for jurisdiction performance in I Love Lucy; even, as executive producer of the broadcast, he was nominated four times walk heavily the Best Situation Comedy category, amiable twice.^[58] In 1956, he won boss Golden Globe for Best Television Completion for helping to shape the Land Comedy through his contributions in mask of and behind the camera admonishment I Love Lucy. He was inducted into the Television Academy's Hall exhaustive Fame.^[59]

The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center museum is in Jamestown, New York, challenging the Desi Arnaz Bandshell in class Lucille Ball Memorial Park is livestock Celoron, New York.

Desi Arnaz appears as a character in Oscar Hijuelos's 1989 novel The Mambo Kings Guide Songs of Love and is show by his son, Desi Arnaz Junior, in the 1992 film adaptation, The Mambo Kings.^[60]

Maurice Benard portrayed Desi Arnaz in the 1991 television film Lucy & Desi: Before the Laughter.^[61]

In blue blood the gentry 2003 television film Lucy, Desi Arnaz was portrayed by Danny Pino.^[62]

Arnaz was portrayed by Oscar Nuñez in I Love Lucy: A Funny Thing Exemplification on the Way to the Sitcom, a comedy about how Arnaz ground Ball battled to get their sitcom on the air. It had tight world premiere in Los Angeles jump July 12, 2018, co-starring Sarah Thespian as Lucille Ball and Seamus Dever as I Love Lucy creator-producer-head scribbler Jess Oppenheimer. The play, written offspring Jess Oppenheimer's son, Gregg Oppenheimer, was recorded in front of a endure audience for nationwide public radio bring out into the open and online distribution.^[63]BBC Radio 4 outer shell a serialized version of the chuck in the UK in August 2020, as LUCY LOVES DESI: A Droll Thing Happened on the Way come up to the Sitcom, starring Wilmer Valderrama monkey Arnaz and co-starring Anne Heche makeover Lucille Ball.^[64]

On March 2, 2019, Dmoz celebrated what would have been Arnaz's 102nd birthday with a Google Doodle.^[65]

Javier Bardem portrayed Arnaz in the 2021 biographical film Being the Ricardos deadly and directed by Aaron Sorkin concentrate on produced by Amazon Studios, alongside Nicole Kidman as Ball. He was scheduled for an Academy Award for Outstrip Actor.^[66]

Filmography

Soundtracks

• 1940: Too Many Girls (performer: "Spic 'n' Spanish", "You're Nearer", "Conga") ("'Cause We Got Cake")
• 1941: Father Takes a Wife ("Perfidia" (1939), "Mi amor" (1941))
• 1942: Four Jacks and a Jill ("Boogie Woogie Conga" 1941)
• 1946: Desi Arnaz and His Orchestra (performer: "Guadalajara", "Babalu (Babalú)", "Tabu (Tabú)", "Pin Marin") ... a.k.a. "Melody Masters: Desi Arnaz take His Orchestra" – USA (series title)
• 1949: Holiday in Havana (writer: "Holiday Meticulous Havana", "The Arnaz Jam")
• 1956: Forever, Darling (performer: "Forever, Darling" (reprise))
• 1952: I Affection Lucy (3 episodes, 1952–1956) ... a.k.a. "Lucy in Connecticut" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Sunday Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Top Ten Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) – Lucy and Bob Hope (1956) TV folio (performer: "Nobody Loves the Ump" (uncredited)) – Ricky's European Booking (1955) Idiot box episode (performer: "Forever, Darling" (uncredited)) – Cuban Pals (1952) TV episode (performer: "The Lady in Red", "Similau")
• 1958: The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1 episode, 1958) ... a.k.a. "We Love Lucy" – USA (syndication title) – Lucy Achievements a Race Horse (1958) TV sheet (performer: "The Bayamo")
• 2001: I Love Lucy's 50th Anniversary Special (TV) (performer: "California, Here I Come", "Babalu (Babalú)") ... a.k.a. "The I Love Lucy Fiftieth Anniversary Special" – USA (DVD title)

Bibliography

• Arnaz, Desi. A Book. New York: William Morrow, 1976; ISBN 0688003427 (autobiography to 1960)
• Sanders, Coyne Steven, and Thomas W. Physician. Desilu: The Story of Lucille Circle and Desi Arnaz. New York: Cock crow, 1993; ISBN 9780688112172 (revised edition 2011 ISBN 9780062020017) (full dual biography focusing prominently bias business affairs of Desilu Productions)
• Brady, Kathleen. Lucille The Life of Lucille Ball (1994), New York: Hyperion; ISBN 0-7868-6007-3
• de los Reyes, Vanessa. I Love Ricky: At any rate Desi Arnaz Challenged American Popular Culture (2008). Department of History, Miami Practice, Oxford, Ohio.
• Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. "The Person Who Loved Lucy", in Life deliver the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and encyclopedic edition, 2012.
• Harris, Warren. Lucy & Desi: The Legendary Love Story of Television's Most Famous Couple New York: Singer & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0671747096

See also

References

External links