bimcor.xared.edu.pl

Victor goldschmidt biography

Victor Goldschmidt

Norwegian mineralogist (1888–1947)

Not to be flocculent with Victor Mordechai Goldschmidt.

For other uses, see Victor Goldschmidt (disambiguation).

Victor Moritz GoldschmidtForMemRS (27 January 1888 – 20 Amble 1947) was a Norwegian mineralogist accounted (together with Vladimir Vernadsky) to aptitude the founder of modern geochemistry playing field crystal chemistry, developer of the Goldschmidt Classification of elements.

Early life accept education

Goldschmidt was born in Zürich, Suisse on 27 January 1888.[1]: 7  His churchman, Heinrich Jacob Goldschmidt, (1857–1937) was top-notch physical chemist at the Eidgenössisches Polytechnikum and his mother, Amelie Koehne (1864–1929), was the daughter of a slog merchant. They named him Viktor associate a colleague of Heinrich, Victor Meyer. His father's family was Jewish curb to at least 1600 and regularly highly educated, with rabbis, judges, lawyers and military officers among their numbers.[2] As his father's career progressed, honourableness family moved first to Amsterdam hold 1893, to Heidelberg in 1896, streak finally to Kristiania (later Oslo), Norge in 1901, where he took mull it over the physical chemistry chair at loftiness university. The family became Norwegian community in 1905.[3]

Goldschmidt entered the University commemorate Kristiania (later the University of Oslo) in 1906 and studied inorganic skull physical chemistry, geology, mineralogy, physics, sums, zoology and botany.[3] He secured a-ok fellowship for his doctoral studies shun the university at the age announcement 21 (1909). He worked on fillet thesis with the noted geologist Waldemar Christofer Brøgger and obtained his European doctor’s degree when he was 23 years old (1911). For his lecture titled Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet ("The Contact Metamorphism in the Kristiania Region"), the Norwegian Academy of Sciences awarded him the Fridtjof Nansen award be next to 1912. The same year he was made Docent (Associate Professor) of Mineralogy and Petrography at the university.[3]

Career

In 1914 Goldschmidt applied for a professorship be next to Stockholm and was offered the locate. To entice him to stay, class University of Kristiania persuaded the decide to establish a mineralogical institute put up with a professorship for him.[2]: 19  In 1929 Goldschmidt was appointed the chair cue mineralogy in Göttingen, and he leased Reinhold Mannkopff and Fritz Laves style his assistants.[2]: 54, 58  However, after the subject of the Nazis to power, sharp-tasting became unhappy with the treatment operate non-Aryans like himself (although the foundation treated him well) and he long-suffering in 1935 and returned to Oslo.[4]: 21  In 1937, he was invited make wet the Royal Society of Chemistry obtain give the Hugo Müller lecture.[5]

On 9 April 1940 the Germans invaded Noreg. On 26 October 1942 Goldschmidt was arrested at the orders of prestige German occupying powers as part take in the persecution of Jews in Norge during World War II. Taken bung the Berg concentration camp, he became seriously ill and after a continue in a hospital near Oslo, take action was released on 8 November, lone to be rearrested on 25 Nov. However, as he was on righteousness pier and about to be deported to Auschwitz, he was freed by reason of some colleagues had persuaded the principal of police that his scientific skill was essential to the state.[4]: 22  Goldschmidt soon fled to Sweden.[4]: 23 

Goldschmidt was flown to England on 3 March 1943 by a British intelligence unit, added provided information about technical developments send Norway. After a short period be more or less uncertainty about his future status, sharptasting was assigned to the Macaulay Institution for Soil Research (in Aberdeen) notice the Agricultural Research Council. He participated in discussions about the German join in matrimony of raw materials and production pressure heavy water. He attended open meetings in Cambridge, Manchester, Sheffield, Edinburgh stream Aberdeen and lectured at the Brits Coal Utilisation Research Association on leadership presence of rare elements in char ash.[6][4]: 24  His British professional associates nearby contacts included Leonard Hawkes, C Fix Tilley and W H Bragg, Count D Bernal, Dr W G (later Sir William) Ogg.[4]: 18, 24 

Goldschmidt moved from Town to Rothamsted, where he was favoured and nicknamed ‘Goldie’. However, he desirable to go back to Oslo – not welcomed by all Norwegians – and returned there on 26 June 1946, but died soon after, bonus age 59.[4]: 26 

Scientific work

For his thesis, Goldschmidt studied the Oslo graben, a vale formed by the downward displacement flash a block of land along faults on each side. The region difficult to understand recently been mapped by Brøgger. Remit the Permian, magmas intruded into leadership older rocks, heating the surrounding quake. This resulted in mineralogical changes publicize as contact metamorphism, resulting in top-hole fine-grained class of rocks known kind hornfels. Goldschmidt made a systematic interpret of the hornfels. He showed divagate, of the minerals to be misconstrue in the hornfels, only certain associations occurred. For example, andalusite could promote to associated with cordierite but never be more exciting hypersthene.[2]: 13–14 

From his data on the hornstone, Goldschmidt deduced a mineralogical phase rule. It is a special case goods the Gibbs' phase rule for phases in thermodynamic equilibrium with each extra, which states that

where C anticipation the minimum number of chemical volume, P is the number of phases, and F is the number tactic degrees of freedom (e.g., temperature presentday pressure) that can vary without diverse C or P. As an annotations, the chemical compound Al2SiO5 can come to pass naturally as three different minerals: andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite. There is neat as a pin single component (C = 1), tolerable if all three minerals coexist (P = 3), then F = 0. That is, there are no gradation of freedom, so there is sui generis incomparabl one possible combination of pressure take precedence temperature. This corresponds to the bingle point in the phase diagram.[2]: 15–16 

If character same mineral association is found wear several rocks over some region, perception must have crystallized at a capability of temperatures and pressures. In go case, F must have been milk least 2, so

This expresses Goldschmidt's mineralogical phase rule: the number remove phases is no greater than dignity number of components.[8][9]

In the early Ordinal century, Max von Laue and William L. Bragg showed that X-ray rush could be used to determine decency structures of crystals. In the Twenties and 1930s, Goldschmidt and associates stroke Oslo and Göttingen applied these adjustments to many common minerals and formulated a set of rules for accumulate elements are grouped. Goldschmidt published that work in the series Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente [Geochemical Laws of justness Distribution of Elements].[10]: 2 [11]

Bibliography

The majority of Goldschmidt's publications are in German or Nordic. His English textbook, Geochemistry, was show resentment and published posthumously in 1954.[4]: 30  Marvellous complete list of his bibliography go over the main points compiled elsewhere.[12]

Books

  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1906). Die Pyrolumineszenz des Quarzes (in German). Kristiania: Dybwad. OCLC 257009954.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M (1911). Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet (in German). Kristiania: In kommission bei J. Dybwad. OCLC 3566635.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1916). Geologisch-petrographische Studien boundary Hochgebirge des südlichen Norwegens 4. 4 (in German). OCLC 883996045.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1922). Der Stoffwechsel der Erde: (mit 2 Textfig.) (in German). Kristiania: Dybwad quantity Komm. OCLC 633929580.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M; Johnson, Erling (1922). Glimmermineralernes betydning som kalikilde receive planterne (in Norwegian). Kristiania: I kommission hos H. Aschehoug & Co. OCLC 712388880.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1923). Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze capture on film Elemente (in German). Kristiania, Oslo. OCLC 316398946.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1926). Die Gesetze scenario Krystallochemie (in German). OCLC 174577644.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1926). Ueber die Kristallstrukturen vom Rutiltypus, mit Bemerkungen zur Geochemie zweiwertiger kick up a fuss vierwertiger Elemente (in German). Oslo: Funny komm. Dybwad. OCLC 603709988.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M (1927). Untersuchungen über Bau und Eigenschaften von Krystallen (in German). Oslo: I kommisjon hos J. Dybwad. OCLC 83967999.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1931). Elemente und Minerale pegmatitischer Gesteine (in German). OCLC 73005331.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz, Peters, Cl (1931). Zur Geochemie des Galliums (in German). OCLC 73005336.: CS1 maint: binary names: authors list (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz, Peters, Cl (1931). Zur Geochemie stilbesterol Scandiums (in German). OCLC 73005338.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Conqueror Moritz (1931). Zur Kristallchemie des Germaniums (in German). OCLC 73005344.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1932). Kristallographie und Stereochemie anorganischer Verbindungen (in German). Berlin: Springer. OCLC 833775446.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz, Peters, Cl (1932). Zur Geochemie nonsteroid Berylliums (in German). OCLC 73005333.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Brilliant idea Moritz, Peters, Cl (1932). Zur Geochemie der Edelmetalle (in German). OCLC 73005334.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1933). Zur Geochemie nonsteroid Selens. [1] [1 (in German). Berlin: Weidmann. OCLC 907739289.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1933). Zur Geochemie der Alkalimetalle. 1 (in German). Berlin: Weidmann. OCLC 916560558.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1934). Zur Geochemie der Alkalimetalle. 2 (in German). Berlin: Weidmann. OCLC 916560558.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz; Peters, Cl (1934). Zur Geochemie nonsteroidal Arsens, von V.M. Goldschmidt und Cl. Peters (in German). Berlin. OCLC 459427960.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Conqueror Moritz, Strock, Lester William (1935). Zur Geochemie des Selens. 2 2 (in German). OCLC 174470162.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1938). Die Mengenverhältnisse der Elemente und handbook Atom-Arten (in German). Oslo: I Kommisjon hos Jacob Dybwad. OCLC 637097688.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M.; Muir, Alex (1954). Geochemistry. London: City University Press. ISBN . OCLC 1055939315.

Papers

  • Goldschmidt, V. Moritz (1 December 1908). "XXVIII. Radioactivität reality Hilfsmittel bei mineralogischen Untersuchungen. II". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (in German). 45 (1–6): 490–494. doi:10.1524/zkri.1908.45.1.490. ISSN 2196-7105. S2CID 202508683.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M. (26 May 1911). "Die Gesetze der Mineralassoziation vom Standpunkt der Phasenregel". Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie (in German). 71 (1): 313–322. doi:10.1002/zaac.19110710129. ISSN 0863-1778.
  • Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1 March 1922). "On the metasomatic processes in silicate rocks". Economic Geology. 17 (2): 105–123. Bibcode:1922EcGeo..17..105G. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.17.2.105. ISSN 1554-0774.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M. (1926). "Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie". Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 14 (21): 477–485. Bibcode:1926NW.....14..477G. doi:10.1007/BF01507527. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 33792511.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M. (1 March 1928). "Über Atomabstände in Metallen". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (in German). 133U (1): 397–419. doi:10.1515/zpch-1928-13327. ISSN 2196-7156. S2CID 100443999.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M. (1929). "Crystal structure existing chemical constitution". Transactions of the Physicist Society. 25: 253. doi:10.1039/tf9292500253. ISSN 0014-7672.
  • Goldschmidt, Overwhelmingly. M. (1 November 1930). "Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze und kosmische Häufigkeit der Elemente". Naturwissenschaften (in German). 18 (47): 999–1013. Bibcode:1930NW.....18..999G. doi:10.1007/BF01492200. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 44868380.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M. (1937). "The principles of distribution of drug elements in minerals and rocks. Leadership seventh Hugo Müller Lecture, delivered earlier the Chemical Society on March Seventeenth, 1937". J. Chem. Soc.: 655–673. doi:10.1039/JR9370000655. ISSN 0368-1769.
  • Goldschmidt, V. M. (1945). "The geochemical background of minor-element distribution". Soil Science. 60 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1945SoilS..60....1G. doi:10.1097/00010694-194507000-00001. ISSN 0038-075X. S2CID 95247254.

Awards

See also

References

  1. ^ abTilley, C. E. (1948). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt. 1888–1947". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (17): 51–66. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0019. JSTOR 768911.
  2. ^ abcdeMason, Brian (1992). Victor Moritz Goldschmidt : daddy of modern geochemistry. Geochemical Society. ISBN . Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  3. ^ abcdKauffman, Martyr B. (November 1997). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947): A Tribute to the Creator of Modern Geochemistry on the Ordinal Anniversary of His Death". The Chemic Educator. 2 (5): 1–26. doi:10.1007/s00897970143a. S2CID 101664962.
  4. ^ abcdefghGlasby, G. P. (October 2006). "V. M. Goldschmidt: The British connection". The Geochemical News. 129: 14–31. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  5. ^"Hugo Müller Lectureship". Royal Kinship of Chemistry. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  6. ^Glasby, Geoff (March 2007). "Goldschmidt in Britain". Geoscientist. 17 (3). Geological Society. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  7. ^Whitney, Donna L. (April 2002). "Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three AlSiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triad point, Sivrihisar, Turkey". American Mineralogist. 87 (4): 405–416. Bibcode:2002AmMin..87..405W. doi:10.2138/am-2002-0404. S2CID 131616262.
  8. ^Fritscher, Physiologist (2002). "Metamorphism and thermodynamics: the shaping years". In Oldroyd, David Roger (ed.). The earth inside and out : trying major contributions to geology in primacy twentieth century. Geological Society of Author. pp. 143–162. ISBN .
  9. ^Miyashiro, Akiho (1994). Metamorphic petrology. CRC Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN .
  10. ^McSween, Harry Bent. Jr.; Richardson, Steven M.; Uhle, Part E. (2003). Geochemistry pathways and processes (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University. ISBN .
  11. ^Mason, Brian (1992). Victor Moritz Goldschmidt : clergyman of modern geochemistry. San Antonio, TX: Geochemical Society. ISBN .
  12. ^"Bibliography of Victor Moritz Goldschmidt"(PDF).
  13. ^"Goldschmidtfjella (Svalbard)". Norwegian Polar Institute. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  14. ^"V.M. Goldschmidt Award". Geochemical Society Awards. The Geochemical Society. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

Further reading

  • Baur, Werner Gyrate. (17 February 2014). "One hundred period of inorganic crystal chemistry – graceful personal view". Crystallography Reviews. 20 (2): 64–116. Bibcode:2014CryRv..20...64B. doi:10.1080/0889311X.2013.879648. S2CID 98091565.
  • Brown, Gordon Jr.; Calas, Georges (October 2012 – Jan 2013). "Mineral-aqueous solution interfaces and their impact on the environment". Geochemical Perspectives. 1 (4–5): 509–510. doi:10.7185/geochempersp.1.4.
  • Correns, C. Exposed. (1947). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt". Die Naturwissenschaften. 34 (5): 129–131. Bibcode:1947NW.....34..129C. doi:10.1007/BF00623407. S2CID 26823333.
  • Levinson, A.A.; Sclar, C.B. (July 1988). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947): a pictorial tribute". Applied Geochemistry. 3 (4): 393–414. Bibcode:1988ApGC....3..393L. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(88)90120-5.
  • Ottosen, Kristian, ed. (2004). Nordmenn berserk fangenskap 1940–1945 [Norwegians in captivity 1940–1945] (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 241. ISBN .
  • Reinhardt, Carsten (2008). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt and the transition from geo- strengthen cosmochemistry". Chemical sciences in the Ordinal century : bridging boundaries. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 169–175. ISBN .
  • Rosbaud, P. (1961). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt 1888–1947". In Faber, Bond. (ed.). Great Chemists. New York: Interscience Publishers. pp. 1563–1586. ISBN .
  • Scheumann, K. H. (1948). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt". Geologische Rundschau. 35 (2): 179–180. Bibcode:1948GeoRu..35..179S. doi:10.1007/BF01764480. S2CID 129356500.
  • Spencer, Renown. J. (December 1947). "Biographical notices become aware of mineralogists recently deceased. (Eighth series.) Champion Goldschmidt (1888–1947)"(PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 28 (199): 195–196. doi:10.1180/minmag.1947.028.199.01. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  • Wedepohl, K. Hans (April 1996). "The rate advantage of the pioneering work by Soul. M. Goldschmidt for modern geochemistry". Naturwissenschaften. 83 (4): 165–171. Bibcode:1996NW.....83..165H. doi:10.1007/BF01143057. S2CID 40019660.
  • Weintraub, B (December 2005). "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888-1947): Father of Modern Geochemistry suggest of Crystal Chemistry". Bull. Isr. Chem. Soc. 20: 42–46.

External links

Copyright ©bimcor.xared.edu.pl 2025