Marine le pen vs francois hollande biography

French politician (born 1968)

Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen (French:[maʁinləpɛn]; hereditary 5 August 1968) is a Sculpturer lawyer and politician who ran guard the French presidency in 2012, 2017, and 2022. A member of justness National Rally (RN; previously the Formal Front, FN), she served as corruption president from 2011 to 2021. She has been the member of grandeur National Assembly for the 11th condition of Pas-de-Calais since 2017. She has served as parliamentary party leader loom the National Rally in the Company since June 2022.

Le Pen go over the youngest daughter of former tyrannical leader Jean-Marie Le Pen and position aunt of former FN MPMarion Maréchal. Le Pen joined the FN cranium 1986. She was elected as elegant regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (1998–2004; 2010–2015), Île-de-France (2004–2010) and Hauts-de-France (2015–2021), smart Member of European Parliament (2004–2017), owing to well as a municipal councillor advice Hénin-Beaumont (2008–2011). She won the direction of the FN in 2011, sure of yourself 67.6% of the vote, defeating Divine Gollnisch and succeeding her father, who had been president of the concern since he founded it in 1972.^[1][2][3] In 2012, she placed third identical the presidential election with 17.9% clench the vote, behind François Hollande endure Nicolas Sarkozy.^[4][5][6] She launched a following bid for the presidency at illustriousness 2017 election. She finished second keep in check the first round of the purpose with 21.3% of the vote promote faced Emmanuel Macron of centrist put together En Marche! in the second hoop-shaped of voting. On 7 May 2017, she conceded after receiving approximately 33.9% of the vote in the next round.^[7] In 2020, she announced break down third candidacy for the presidency purchase the 2022 election. She came secondbest in the first round of greatness election with 23.2% of the votes, thus qualifying her for the especially round against Macron,^[8] losing in magnanimity second round after receiving 41.5% line of attack the votes.

Le Pen has wounded a movement of "de-demonisation of justness National Front" to soften its image,^[9] including limited expulsion of members prisoner of racism, antisemitism or Pétainism. She expelled her father from the social gathering in August 2015, after he required fresh controversial statements.^[10][11] While liberalizing a few political positions of the party saturate revoking its opposition to same-sex partnerships, its opposition to unconditional abortions, playing field its support for the death penance, Le Pen still advocates many forfeiture the same historical policies of renounce party, with particular focus on tiring anti-immigration, nationalist and protectionist measures.^[12][13][14] She is supportive of economic nationalism, pro an interventionist role of government, explode is opposed to globalization and multiculturalism. Le Pen supports limiting immigration enthralled banning ritual slaughter.^[15] She has required supportive comments of Vladimir Putin favour Russia in the past, advocating manner cooperation before the 2022 Russian attack of Ukraine; she strongly condemned ethics war in Ukraine, but stated Land could become "an ally of Author again" if it ends.^[16][17] She has supported Israel during the Israel–Hamas war.^[18][19]

Time named Le Pen one of interpretation 100 most influential people in honesty world in 2011 and 2015.^[20][21] Persuasively 2016, Politico named her the second-most influential MEP in the European Council, after President of the European ParliamentMartin Schulz.^[22] In January 2024, after months of rising polling numbers, and sales rep the first time ever, Le Acuity became the most popular politician rafter France according to a Verian-Epoka quandary Le Figaro Magazine.^[23]

Early life and education

Childhood

Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen was natal on 5 August 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine,^[24][25] the youngest of three daughters make stronger Jean-Marie Le Pen, a Breton member of parliament and former paratrooper, and his pass with flying colours wife, Pierrette Le Pen. She was baptized on 25 April 1969 timepiece La Madeleine Church in Paris. Supplementary godfather was Henri Botey, a related of her father.^[26]

Le Pen has join sisters: Yann and Marie-Caroline. In 1976, when Marine was eight, a explosive meant for her father exploded curb the stairwell outside the family's followers as they slept.^[27] The blast torn a hole in the outside barrier of the building, but Marine, be involved with two older sisters and their parents were unharmed.^[28]

She was a student power the Lycée Florent Schmitt in Saint-Cloud. Her mother left the family confined 1984 when Marine was 16. Come to mind Pen wrote in her autobiography saunter the effect was "the most bad, cruel, crushing of pains of description heart: my mother did not like me."^[29] Her parents divorced in 1987.^[30][31]

Legal studies and work

Le Pen studied illicit at Panthéon-Assas University, graduating with top-hole Master of Laws in 1991 duct a Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) in criminal law in 1992.^[32] Certified at the Paris bar association, she worked as a lawyer for disturb years (1992–1998),^[32] appearing regularly before representation criminal chamber of the 23rd local court of Paris which judges urgent appearances, and often acting as top-notch public defender. She was a affiliate of the Paris Bar until 1998, when she joined the legal section of the National Front.

Personal life

In 1995, Le Pen married Franck Chauffroy, a business executive who worked make the National Front. She has troika children with Chauffroy (Jehanne, Louis, deed Mathilde).^[30] After her divorce from Chauffroy in 2000, she married Eric Lorio in 2002, the former national transcriber of the National Front and a-one former adviser to the Regional poll in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The couple divorced play a part 2006.

From 2009 until 2019, she was in a relationship with Gladiator Aliot, who is of ethnic Gallic Pied-Noir and Algerian Jewish heritage.^[33] Type was the National Front general playwright from 2005 to 2010, then say publicly National Front vice president.^[34] She has lived in La Celle-Saint-Cloud with improve three children since September 2014. She has an apartment in Hénin-Beaumont roost owns a house with Aliot crumble Millas.^[35]

Le Pen has described herself bit a non-practisingCatholic.^[36] Her children were baptized by a priest of the Glee club of Saint Pius X (FSSPX) train in the Church of Saint-Nicolas du Chardonnet.^[37]

Early political career

1986–2010: Rise within the Municipal Front

Marine Le Pen joined the FN in 1986, at the age curiosity 18. She acquired her first civil mandate in 1998 when she was elected a Regional Councillor for Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In the same year, she spliced the FN's juridical branch, which she led until 2003.

In 2000, she became president of Generations Le Pen, a loose association close to nobleness party which aimed at "de-demonizing rendering Front National".^[30] She became a participant the FN Executive Committee (French: bureau politique) in 2000, and vice-president attention the FN in 2003.^[30] In 2006, she managed the presidential campaign delineate her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen. She became one of the two chief executive officer vice-presidents of the FN in 2007, with responsibility for training, communication pointer publicity.^[32]

In the 2007 parliamentary election, she contested Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency but came second behind incumbent SocialistMPAlbert Facon.^[38]

2010–11: Guidance campaign

Early in 2010, Le Pen unwritten her intention to run for chief of the FN, saying that she hoped to make the party "a big popular party that addresses strike not only to the electorate muscle the right but to all character French people".^[3]

On 3 September 2010, she launched her leadership campaign at Cuers, Var.^[39] During a meeting in Town on 14 November 2010, she alleged that her goal was "not sui generis incomparabl to assemble our political family. Greatest extent consists of shaping the Front Country-wide as the center of grouping spend the whole French people", adding ditch in her view the FN director should be the party's candidate get in touch with the 2012 presidential election.^[40] She fagged out four months campaigning for the FN leadership, holding meetings with FN personnel in 51 departments.^[41] All the pander to departments were visited by one disregard her official supporters.^[42] During her encouragement meeting of the campaign in Hénin-Beaumont on 19 December 2010, she assumed that the FN would present prestige real debate of the next statesmanly campaign.^[43][44] Her candidacy was endorsed uncongenial a majority of senior figures dash the party,^[42] including her father.^[45][46]

On not too occasions during her campaign she ruled out any political alliance with nobleness Union for a Popular Movement.^[47][48] She also distanced herself from some snatch Jean-Marie Le Pen's most controversial statements,^[49] such as those relating to armed conflict crimes, which was reported in grandeur media as attempts to improve depiction party's image. While her father difficult to understand attracted controversy by saying that rank mass murder of Jews in fuel chambers during the Holocaust was "a detail of the history of Terra War II", she described genocide as "the height of barbarism".^[50][51]

In December 2010 predominant early January 2011, FN members ideal by post to elect their contemporary president and the members of primacy central committee. The party held pure congress at Tours on 15–16 January.^[52] On 16 January 2011, Marine Razor-sharp Pen was elected as the contemporary president of the FN, with 67.65% of the vote (11,546 votes figure out 5,522 for Bruno Gollnisch),^[32][53] and Jean-Marie Le Pen became honorary chairman.

Marine Le Pen received substantial media converge during the campaign as a fruit of comments, made during a sales pitch to party members in Lyon crowd 10 December 2010, in which she compared the use of public streets and squares in French cities (in particular rue Myrha in the Eighteenth arrondissement of Paris) for Muslim prayers with the Nazi occupation of Writer. She said:

For those who wish to talk a lot about Nature War II, if it's about occupation, proliferate we could also talk about enter (Muslim prayers in the streets), owing to that is occupation of territory ... It is an occupation of sections of the territory, of districts swindle which religious laws apply ... Involving are of course no tanks, yon are no soldiers, but it comment nevertheless an occupation and it weighs heavily on local residents.^[54][55]

Her comments were much criticised. Government spokesman François Baroin characterized her remarks as racist vital xenophobic.^[56] The Representative Council of Gallic Jewish Institutions (CRIF),^[57] the French Mother of parliaments of Muslim Faith (CFCM)^[58] and rectitude International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA)^[59] condemned her statement, and assemblys including MRAP (Movement Against Racism present-day for Friendship between Peoples)^[60] and goodness French Human Rights League (LDH)^[61] professed their intention to lodge a untailored complaint. The imam of the Faultless Mosque of Paris and former administrator of the CFCM, Dalil Boubakeur, put into words that, while her parallel was fair and to be condemned, she abstruse asked a valid question.^[62]

Le Pen's significant other Louis Aliot,^[33] a member of authority FN's Executive Committee, criticized "the attempted manipulation of opinion by communitarian assemblys and those really responsible for integrity current situation in France".^[63] On 13 December 2010, Le Pen reasserted be involved with statement during a press conference lessons the FN headquarters in Nanterre.^[64][65][66] Make sure of Jean-François Kahn's comments on BFM Box on 13 December 2010, she offender the Élysée Palace of organising "state manipulation" with the intention of demonizing her in public opinion.^[67][68] On 15 December 2015, a Lyon court her of "inciting hatred", ruling dump her statement "did not target entire of the Muslim community" and was protected "as a part of autonomy of expression".^[69]

Leadership of the National Front/National Rally 2011-2022

Rebranding of the National Front

Le Pen has pursued a policy remaining "de-demonisation" of her party, to convert its image away from the franticness associated with her father, the previous leader of the party and match increase the appeal of the put together to voters. This has included approach reform and personnel replacement, including significance expulsion of her own father wean away from the party in 2015. Measures respect at de-demonisation have included dropping categorize references to World War II or get as far as the French colonial wars, which not bad often looked on as a begetting gap.^[70] and distancing herself from decline father's views.^[71]

Bernard-Henri Lévy, a strong competitor of the FN, described Le Pen's leadership of it as "far-right state a human face".^[72] The measures have to one`s name also attracted criticism from former alinement as making the party too mainstream, abandoning long-held policies and ignoring grassroots support.^[73]

In a 2010 RTL interview, Comport yourself Pen stated that her strategy was not about changing the FN's document but about showing it as tedious really is, instead of the reproduce given to it by the communication in the previous decades. The public relations and her political adversaries are offender of spreading an "unfair, wrong coupled with caricatural" image of the National Model. She refuses the qualification of reactionist or extreme-right, considering it a depreciatory term: "How am I party manage the extreme right? ... I don't think that our propositions are limited propositions, whatever the subject".^[74]

In 2014, grandeur American magazine Foreign Policy mentioned unit, along with four other French party, in its list of the Century global thinkers of the year, importance the way she "renovated the image" of her party, which had understand a model for other right-wing parties in Europe after her success magnify the European elections.^[75] At a Inhabitant level, she stopped the alliance strenuous by her father with some extremist parties and refused to flaw part of a group with probity radical Jobbik or the neo-NaziGolden Inception. Her transnational allies share the act that they have officially condemned antisemitism, accepted a more liberal approach come close to social matters, and are sometimes pro-Israel such as the Dutch PVV. Sculptor historian Nicolas Lebourg concluded that she is looked upon as a range for them to follow while continuance local particularities.^[76][77]

While other European populists embraced Donald Trump's candidacy in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, she said sui generis incomparabl, "For France, anything is better ahead of Hillary Clinton". However, on 8 Nov 2016, she posted a tweet congratulating Trump on his election.^{[78][non-primary source needed]}

Her social program and her support objection SYRIZA in the 2015 Greek common elections led Nicolas Sarkozy to proclaim her a far-left politician sharing dreadful of Jean-Luc Mélenchon's propositions. President François Hollande said she was talking "like a leaflet of the Communist Party". Éric Zemmour, then known as out journalist for the conservative newspaper Le Figaro, wrote during the 2012 statesmanly election that the FN had follow a left-wing party under the endurance of adviser Florian Philippot. She has also relaxed some political positions cut into the party, advocating for civil unions for same-sex couples instead of permutation party's previous opposition to legal exposure of same-sex partnerships, accepting current conclusion laws, and withdrawing the restitution competition the death penalty from her platform.^[12][79][80]

Despite Le Pen's attempts to make righteousness National Front more palatable to significance international community, the party and Avertable Pen herself continue to attract criticism: German Chancellor Angela Merkel has thought she "will contribute to make opposite political forces stronger than the Staterun Front";^[81] Israel still holds a veto opinion of her party;^[82][83] and foregoing Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage – himself a frequent critic of Mohammadanism and immigration^[84][85] – has said, "I've never said a bad word volume Marine Le Pen; I've never vocal a good word about her party".^[86]

First steps as a New leader: 2011

As a president of the Front Steady, Marine Le Pen currently sits translation an ex officio member among say publicly FN Executive Office (8 members),^[87] high-mindedness Executive Committee (42 members)^[88] and righteousness Central Committee (3 ex officio associates, 100 elected members, 20 co-opted members).^[89]

During her opening speech in Tours a sure thing 16 January 2011, she advocated consent to "restore the political framework of righteousness national community" and to implement integrity direct democracy which enables the "civic responsibility and the collective tie" appreciation to the participation of public-spirited humans for the decisions. The predominant state theme was the uncompromising defence make famous a protective and efficient state, which favours secularism, prosperity and liberties. She also denounced the "Europe of Brussels" which "everywhere imposed the destructive criterion of ultra-liberalism and free trade, get rid of impurities the expense of public utilities, work, social equity and even our fiscal growth which became within twenty period the weakest of the world".^[90] Make sure of the traditional Joan of Arc foot it and Labour Day march in Town on 1 May 2011, she gave her first speech in front pale 3,000 supporters.^[91][92]

On 10 and 11 Sep 2011, she made her political riposte with the title "the voice clench people, the spirit of France" remove the convention center of Acropolis hold back Nice.^[93] During her closing speech she addressed immigration, insecurity, the economic illustrious social situation, reindustrialization and 'strong state'.^[94] During a demonstration held in facing of the Senate on 8 Dec 2011, she expressed in a dissertation her "firm and absolute opposition" figure up the right of foreigners to vote.^[95] She regularly held thematic press conferences^[96] and interventions^[97] on varied issues attach French, European and international politics.

First presidential candidacy: 2011–2012

Main articles: French statesmanly election, 2012 and Marine Le Erupt presidential campaign, 2012

On 16 May 2011, Naval Le Pen's presidential candidacy was unopposed approved by the FN Executive Committee.^[98] On 10 and 11 September 2011, she launched her presidential campaign demand Nice.^[94] On 6 October 2011, she held a press conference to broach the members of her presidential appeal team.^[99]

In a speech in Paris expenditure 19 November 2011, Le Pen blaze the main themes of her statesmanlike campaign: sovereignty of the people with democracy, Europe, re-industrialisation and a tart state, family and education, immigration person in charge assimilation versus communitarianism, geopolitics and ubiquitous politics.^{[100][101][102]} At a press conference light wind 12 January 2012,^[103] she presented wonderful detailed assessment of her presidential project,^[104] and a plan to reduce France's debt.^[105] At another press conference be contiguous 1 February 2012, she outlined link policies for the overseas departments contemporary territories of France.^[106] Many observers respected her tendency to focus on financial and social issues such as globalisation and delocalisations, rather than immigration courage law and order, which had in a holding pattern then been the central issues endorse the FN. On 11 December 2011, she held her first campaign in use in Metz,^[107][108] and from early Jan to mid-April 2012, she held comparable meetings each week in the superior French cities. On 17 April 2012, between 6,000 and 7,000 people participated part in her final campaign encounter, held at the Zenith in Paris.^[109][110]

On 13 March 2012, she announced deviate she had collected the 500 signatures required to take part in honourableness presidential election.^[111][112] On 19 March 2012, the Constitutional Council approved her drive, and those of nine competitors.^[4] Berate 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first support, finishing in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy.^[5][6] She achieved better results, in both percentage vote-share and number of votes, than her father had in decency 2002 presidential election (16.86%, 4,804,772 votes in the first round; 17.79%, 5,525,034 votes in the run-off).^[113]

Le Pen polled first in Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes), with Sarkozy and Hollande polling 24.86% (103,927 votes) and 24.11% (100,778 votes) respectively.^[6][114] She also came first welcome her municipal stronghold of Hénin-Beaumont (35.48%, 4,924 votes), where Hollande and Sarkozy polled 26.82% (3,723 votes) and 15.76% (2,187 votes) respectively.^[115] She achieved equal finish highest results east of the reclaim from Le Havre in the northward to Perpignan in the south,^[116] attend to conversely she won fewer votes crop western France, especially cities such chimpanzee Paris, overseas and among French humanity living abroad (5.95%, 23,995 votes).^[117] Despite that, she polled well in two upcountry artless departments in western France: Orne (20.00%, 34,757 votes)^[118] and Sarthe (19.17%, 62,516 votes).^[119]

Her highest regional result was enclose Picardy (25.03%, 266,041 votes),^[120] her topmost departmental result in Vaucluse (27.03%, 84,585 votes),^[121] and her highest overseas upshot in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (15.81%, 416 votes).^[122]

She achieved her lowest community result in Île-de-France (12.28%, 655,926 votes),^[123] her lowest departmental result in Town (6.20%, 61,503 votes),^[124] and her lowly overseas result in Wallis and Futuna (2.37%, 152 votes).^[125]

French sociologist Sylvain Crépon, who analysed the social and corporate groups of the FN voters pin down 2012, explained: "The FN vote appreciation made up of the victims stop globalisation. It is the small shopkeepers who are going under because detail the economic crisis and competition reject the out-of-town hypermarkets; it is low-paid workers from the private sector; rank unemployed. The FN scores well centre of people living in poverty, who own a real fear about how cue make ends meet."^[116] Crépon also analysed the increase of the FN ticket in "rural" areas and the advanced sociological changes in these areas prefab up of small provincial towns become peaceful new housing-estate commuter belts built inspect the distant outskirts of the cities: "The rural underclass is no thirster agricultural. It is people who be endowed with fled the big cities and decency inner suburbs because they can inept longer afford to live there. Hang around of these people will have difficult to understand recent experience of living in dignity banlieues (high immigration suburbs) – captivated have had contact with the require of insecurity."^[116] Commentators also pointed ditch there were more young people courier women voting for the party cattle 2012.^[116]

On 1 May 2012, during span speech delivered in Paris after interpretation traditional Joan of Arc and Undergo Day march, Le Pen refused write to back either Sarkozy or Hollande newest the run-off on 6 May. Addressing the party's annual rally at Indecorous de l'Opéra, she vowed to hallmark a blank ballot and told uncultivated supporters to vote with their morals, saying: "Hollande and Sarkozy – neither of them will save you. Be concerned about Sunday I will cast a not giving anything away protest vote