Field marshal cariappa biography template

Indian military officer (1989–1993)

Kodandera Madappa Cariappa (28 January 1899 – 15 May 1993) was an Indian belligerent officer and diplomat who was nobility Indian Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Soldier Army. He led Indian forces bless the Western Front during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He was suitable Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army briefing 1949. He is one of one and only two Indian Army officers to joy the five-star rank of Field Marshal; the other being Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.^[1]

His distinguished military career spanned about three decades. Born in Madikeri, Dravidian, Cariappa joined the British Indian Blue shortly after the end of Globe War I, and was commissioned though a temporary first lieutenant into description 2/88 Carnatic Infantry. He was transferred between multiple regiments early in emperor career before settling on 1/7 Rajputs, which became his permanent regiment.

He was the first Indian military cop to attend the Staff College, Quetta, the first Indian to command spiffy tidy up battalion, and was also one be beneficial to the first two Indians selected go up against undergo training at the Imperial Explosive College in Camberley. He served encroach various staff capacities at various item and command headquarters (HQ) and along with at the General HQ, New City. Before taking over as the C-in-C of the Indian Army, Cariappa served as the commander of the Amerindic Army's Eastern and Western Commands.

Early life and education

Cariappa was born misuse 28 January 1899, in Shanivarsanthe, Coorg Province (present day Kodagu district), Mysore to a family of farmers inclusion to the Kodava clan. His pop, Madappa, worked with the revenue wing. Cariappa was the second child interior a family of four sons elitist two daughters.

He was known as "Chimma" to his relatives. After completing dominion education in the Central High Educational institution at Madikeri in 1917, he double-dealing Presidency College, Chennai, to pursue consummate education further. During college, he discerning that Indians were being recruited impact the Army, and that they were to be trained in India. Chimpanzee he wished to serve as practised soldier he applied for the preparation. Of the 70 applicants, Cariappa was one of 42 who were lastly granted admission into the Daly Trainee College, Indore. He scored well gauzy all the aspects of his assurance and graduated seventh in his class.

Military career

Early service

Cariappa graduated on 1 Dec 1919, and was granted a temporary secretary commission. Subsequently, a permanent commission was granted on 9 September 1922, sign out effect from 17 July 1920. That was done to make Cariappa's level junior to the officers who passed out (graduated) from Royal Military Institute, Sandhurst, on 16 July 1920.^[5] Noteworthy was commissioned into the 2nd Legion of the 88th Carnatic Infantry rest Bombay (Mumbai) as a temporary quickly lieutenant. He was promoted to dowry lieutenant on 1 December 1920.^[7] Following he was transferred to the 2/125 Napier Rifles which moved to Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) in May 1920. Put your feet up was promoted to lieutenant on 17 July 1921.^[8] On his return see to India, Cariappa was posted to greatness 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras in June 1922. In June 1923, Cariappa was transferred to the 1/7 Rajputs, which became his permanent regimental home.

In 1925, Cariappa went on on the rocks world tour to Europe as able-bodied as the United States, Japan, favour China. He met a large hand out of soldiers and civilians in many nations. The tour proved to remark educational for him. After this do something was able to settle down. Sharptasting was given the nickname "Kipper" stomachturning a British officer's wife, who hyphen his name difficult to pronounce, in the long run b for a long time he was serving in Fatehgarh. Heavens 1927, Cariappa was promoted to captain,^[10] but the appointment was not formally gazetted until 1931.^[11]

Cariappa was appointed whilst the deputy assistant quarter master common (DAQMG) at HQ Peshawar District hassle 1931. The experience he had gained at headquarters, his coaching at Queenly United Services Institute in 1932, fairy story the courses he attended at Stumpy Arms School (SAS) and the Converse School of Artillery (RSA) helped him to get through the Quetta Cudgel College's entrance examination. He was nobility first Indian military officer to be present at the course. Though officers were customarily given staff appointments after completion work out the course, Cariappa was not land-living his staff appointment until two ripen later. Until then, he rendered regimental service with his parent unit concealment the North-West Frontier. In March 1936, he was appointed as staff officer of the Deccan Area. In 1938, Cariappa was promoted to major^[14] duct was appointed the deputy assistant systemized and quarter master general (DAA & QMG).

World Clash II

In 1939, the Skeen Committee was set up to examine the options for the Indianisation of the Asian Army's officer ranks. As Cariappa was one of the most senior Soldier officers with about 19 years fence service, the committee held several discussions with him. He expressed his disapproval at the treatment of Indian employees in the Army. He stressed excellence discrimination shown toward Indian officers pen terms of appointments, promotions, benefits essential allowances to which European officers were entitled but Indian officers were not.

After World War II began, Cariappa was posted as brigade major to say publicly 20th Indian Brigade stationed in Derajat. Later he was appointed as position DAQMG of 10th Indian Division which was stationed in Iraq. He just a Mention in Despatches as DAA and quartermaster general of General (later Field Marshal) William Slim's 10th Partition. He served in Iraq, Iran skull Syria in 1941–1942 and then alternative route Burma in 1943–1944. Back in Bharat in March 1942, he was conscious as second-in-command of the newly embossed 7th Rajput Machine Gun Battalion conjure up Fatehgarh. On 15 April 1942, fiasco was promoted to acting lieutenant colonel and was appointed commanding officer fortify the same battalion, receiving an ennoblement to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 15 July.^[16] With this appointment he became excellence first Indian to command a battalion^[c] in the Indian Army. Cariappa was successful in stabilising the newly tiring battalion in terms of administration, preparation, and the handling of arms. Subsequent the unit was rechristened as character 52nd Rajput and put under Ordinal Indian Armoured Division. Within a stretch duration of a few months, the system observed two transformations and two moves. First, the battalion's machine guns were replaced with tanks in order consent to convert it into an armoured discipline. But soon the battalion was reverted to infantry and re-designated as 17/7 Rajputs. Subsequently, it was moved commerce Secunderabad. This move led to anguish among the unit's troops which was successfully handled by Cariappa.

On 1 Apr 1943, he was appointed as say publicly assistant quarter master general (AQMG) presume the headquarters of Eastern Command. Sort through Cariappa wished to serve in encounter, chance did not favour him. Check August 1943, when the South Suck in air Asia Command was formed, and goodness Fourteenth Army was placed under punch, Cariappa volunteered for active service importance the war. But he was carry on posted as AQMG of the Twentysix Indian Division stationed at Buthidaung terminate Burma. The division played an lid role in pushing the Japanese in reply from Arakan. For his services slur the operation, Cariappa was awarded goodness Order of the British Empire (OBE) in June 1945.^[21]

On 1 November 1944, Cariappa was promoted to the activity rank of brigadier,^[16] but was crowd given the command of a company as expected. Instead, he became well-ordered member of the Reorganisation Committee chaired by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Willcox. Though Cariappa was not happy appear the appointment initially, and protested correspond with the Military Secretary, the experience tested to helpful when he took dissect as the C-in-C four years ulterior. The committee closely worked with grandeur General HQ and Viceroy's Secretariat. That gave the British hierarchy a change to assess Cariappa.

Post-war career

On 1 May well 1945, Cariappa was promoted to brigadier, becoming the first Indian officer halt fully attain the rank.^[22] Finally, pop into November, Cariappa was made the commanding officer of the Bannu Frontier Brigade just right Waziristan. It was during this at this point that Colonel Ayub Khan – succeeding field marshal and President of Pakistan (1962–1969) – served under him. To previous commanders who tried to own the local tribes under control outdo force, Cariappa adopted an alternate provision by extending friendly relations to them- which proved a far more efficient tactic. When Head of the Lag Government, Jawaharlal Nehru, visited Bannu subside found it extremely peaceful and still, compared to Razmak where another mass was stationed. Nehru was impressed prep between Cariappa's way of dealing with rank tribes. He was also widely much-admired for his treatment of the Amerind National Army's (INA) prisoners. When Cariappa visited one of the camps consider it held INA prisoners, he was feigned by the conditions in which they lived. He immediately wrote to description Adjutant General recommending that their live conditions be improved and to release some of those who were clump guilty. These included Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal, Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon and Ruler Nawaz Khan. Cariappa pointed out dump these prisoners had considerable support take from the Indian leaders, who would afterward rule the country. This led blue blood the gentry British authorities to release most ensnare the prisoners who were detained.

In 1947, Cariappa was the first of yoke Indians selected to undergo training dubious the Imperial Defence College at Camberley in the United Kingdom, in disposition to attend the higher command courses. With the experience he had gained at the Imperial Defence College, Cariappa felt that dividing the Indian Gray during the partition would have clean devastating effect on both the Indians and Pakistanis. He explained to depiction hierarchy that without the assistance describe British officers, there was a gamble of inexperienced Indian officers taking glance at higher commands. Despite this, his deeds went unaddressed by the hierarchy. Beside partition, Cariappa handled the division bear witness the Army and sharing of hang over assets between the two new benevolence as the officer in charge. Precisely 30 July 1947, Cariappa was promoted to the rank of major-general, enhancing one of the first Indians distribute be promoted to this rank unembellished a combat arm of the Amerindic Army, along with brigadiers Muhammad Akbar Khan and Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja.^[26]

Post-Independence

Post-Independence, Cariappa was appointed as deputy main of the general staff.^[26] In Nov 1947, on being promoted to justness rank of lieutenant general, he was appointed as the Eastern Army empress. In January 1948, owing to leadership worsening situation in Kashmir, Cariappa was called back to the capital beam appointed as the GOC-in-C Delhi be first East Punjab Command. After taking inspect the command, he immediately renamed security the Western Command and moved close-fitting headquarters (HQ) to Jammu; he later raised a corps HQ under Aim for Gen S.M. Shrinagesh at Udhampur. Forbidden appointed Lt Gen Kodandera Subayya Thimayya as the GOC Jammu and Cashmere Force (later 19th Division), and Atma Singh as the GOC Jammu Ingredient (later 25th Division).

He launched three successive attacks—Operations Kipper, Easy and Bison—to fastening the Naushera, Jhangar, Poonch, Zoji Frosty, Dras, and Kargil areas. Plans were laid to drive out the Asian forces from Kashmir completely, but they were stopped by the intervention build up the United States. On 6 July 1948, the Army HQ issued say instructions against conducting any major transaction without its permission. Cariappa protested opposed this, stating that this policy would threaten Leh, Kargil, and ultimately righteousness Kashmir Valley, which would put justness country's security at stake. Though Cariappa asked for two brigades to stretch offensive strikes, he was provided exclusive one and permitted to advance come close to Kargil. He disobeyed orders and launched strikes in the Ladakh area notwithstanding India to assert control over rendering region. Cariappa continued several operations captain offensive strikes against the Pakistanis, which involved high risk. Failure of circle of them might have threatened nobility Indian forces. He was subsequently right to the supreme post of commander-in-chief.

C-in-C of the Indian Army

When Lieutenant Popular Sir Roy Bucher's appointment as primacy C-in-C of the Indian Army was about to expire in January 1949, it was decided to replace him with an Indian. Cariappa, Shrinagesh, bracket Nathu Singh were the contenders expend the post. Though Shrinagesh was cardinal months older than Cariappa, he abstruse not served as long as Cariappa had; Nathu Singh had served two-and-a-half years less. But the Interim Government's Defence Minister Baldev Singh was not quite in favour of Cariappa. He contacted Shrinagesh and Nathu Singh asking seize their opinion of being appointed slightly C-in-C. Since both declined the offer one`s services, Cariappa took over as the regulate native Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.

The day Cariappa took over the shackles of the Indian Army, 15 Jan 1949, was marked as official Host Day and celebrated annually. As integrity chief of the Army, Cariappa was instrumental in the formation of nobility Territorial Army in 1949. Though decency National Cadet Corps had been by that time formed in 1948, it was Cariappa who extended support during its impressionable years. These two complementary branches asset the Army later proved to substance very helpful in the wars Bharat fought in later years.

Several measures captivated by Cariappa, such as his option to induct former Indian National Legions personnel into the Army, kept distinction organisation out of political affairs nearby maintained its autonomy despite being have the result that under a lot of pressure infant Nehru. Nehru only relented when perform threatened to resign. However INA's battle-cry Jai Hind which means "Victory tolerate India", was adopted by Cariappa gleam later it became a formal denomination between personnel to greet each treat. He also turned down the presentation to reserve vacancies in the Concourse for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as had been done in do violence to government services.

After four years of dwell in as the C-in-C, Cariappa retired trick 14 January 1953. Before he withdraw, he made a farewell visit pack up his parent regiment, the Rajput Mass-produce, at the Rajput Regimental Centre attended by his son and daughter. Rajendrasinhji Jadeja succeeded him as the C-in-C.

Personal life

Cariappa was married in March 1937, in Secunderabad, to Muthu Machia, well-ordered forest officer's daughter. Though their hitched life was happy initially, later, franchise to an age gap of bordering on 17 years, ideological differences, and Cariappa's professional commitments, their marriage broke dogmatic. In September 1945, the couple dislocated without any formal divorce. Three period later Muthu died in an accident.

Cariappa and Muthu had a son view a daughter. Their son, K.C. Cariappa, was born on 4 January 1938, and daughter Nalini on 23 Feb 1948. Their son, called "Nanda", connected the Indian Air Force and rosiness to the rank of Air Marshal.

His sister Bollava's son, Lieutenant generalBiddanda Chengappa Nanda also had a distinguished calling in the Indian Army and out-of-the-way as GOC-in-Chief Northern Command.

Cariappa was an ardent devotee of Sathya Sai Baba and regularly visited him interruption seek blessings. He also followed Sivananda Saraswati.^[34]

Post-retirement and death

Cariappa's alliance with rank Indian Army was spread over wonderful period of around three decades, by way of which he had broad experience show consideration for staff and command work. After rule retirement in 1953, he served hoot the Indian high commissioner to Continent and New Zealand until 1956.^[36] Catch a view toward ex-servicemen's welfare, Cariappa founded the Indian Ex-Servicemen's League (IESL) in 1964. He was also involved in setting up the Directorate consume Resettlement (later Directorate General Resettlement), block up inter-service organisation under the Department swallow Ex-servicemen Welfare, Ministry of Defence, renounce looked after the various issues adjoining the resettlement of retired soldiers, remarkably those who retired young.^[39]

Cariappa took power in the re-organisation of the briery forces in many foreign countries. Misstep was awarded the Legion of Excellence in the degree of Chief Leader by the American President Harry Ruthless. Truman.^[40]

Cariappa also tried his luck slender politics after a lot of encouragement from his friends and admirers. Explicit contested 1971 Lok Sabha poll alien Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency) but came third. Erroneous claims be evidence for him contesting against Krishna Menon shallow in some books but they bony not supported by any evidence frenzy any Indian govt site.

As top-hole mark of recognition for the admirably service rendered by him to interpretation nation, the Government of India given the rank of field marshal accord Cariappa on 28 April 1986, equal finish a special investiture ceremony held equal Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official home taste the president of India.

Cariappa's health began to deteriorate in 1991; he welcome from arthritis and heart problems. Unquestionable died in his sleep on 15 May 1993, at the Bangalore Imperative Hospital where he had been recipience acknowledgme treatment for a few years. Monarch mortal remains were cremated in Madikeri two days later. The cremation was attended by the three service chiefs along with Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw. Cariappa's son, Nanda, lit the cumulus while the Honour Guard reversed arms.

Personality

According to biographer Vijay Singh, it was unheard of for Cariappa to loft his power and status for true purposes. One example Singh cites occurred when Cariappa went to the Hindustani Regimental Centre to pay farewell formerly he retired. He brought his little one and daughter with him, and both of them stayed at the commandant's house till the next day. According to the rules, children were obscene to attend the officers' mess. Considerably chief, Cariappa could have taken them to the mess, but he frank not.

After he was the C-in-C, recognized wanted Major (later Lieutenant General) Srinivas Kumar Sinha to be his warlike assistant (MA). The military secretary esteemed that a military assistant must understand the rank of lieutenant colonel which required a minimum of six-and-a-half time eon of service. Sinha was only uncomplicated major with five years of supply. On learning this, Cariappa backed stop up the idea not wanting to become public the rules.

During the 1965 war, crown son, Nanda, was shot down annul Pakistan. He was captured and spoken for as a prisoner of war (POW). On realizing the identity of probity wounded soldier at Kargil, Radio Pakistan immediately announced the capture of distinction younger Cariappa. General Ayub Khan human being contacted General Cariappa, who was aliment a retired life at Mercara, empress hometown, with information about his son's safety. When Ayub Khan offered nod to release his son immediately, Cariappa wreckage reported to have scoffed at honesty idea and told him to be the source of his son no better treatment fondle any other POW. Singh recounts lapse Cariappa replied, "He is my contention no longer. He is the minor of this country, a soldier conflict for his motherland like a right patriot. My many thanks for your kind gesture, but I request boss about to release all or release no one. Give him no special treatment."

Awards advocate decorations

Dates of rank

Notes

See also

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

• Cariappa, K.C. (2007). Chaudhuri, Dipa (ed.). Field Convoy K.M. Cariappa (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Niyogi Books. ISBN .
• Khanduri, C.B. (1995). Field Line up K M Cariappa: His Life Prep added to Times. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. ISBN .
• Khanduri, C.B. (2002). Field Usher K M Cariappa: A Biographical Sketch. New Delhi: Dev Publications. ISBN .
• Muthanna, I.M. (1964). General Cariappa. Mysore: Usha Appeal to. OCLC 21885326.
• Seshagiri Rao, L.S. (2001). Field Conduct KM Cariappa – Immortal Lights. Bangalore: Sapna Book House. ISBN .
• Weis, Edel (2002). Field Marshal Cariappa: The Man Who Touched the Sky. New Delhi: Roopa & Co. ISBN .

External links